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. Influenced. at Wikibooks R is a and software environment for and graphics supported by the R Foundation for Statistical Computing. The R language is widely used among and for developing. Polls, and studies of scholarly literature databases, show substantial increases in popularity in recent years. As of August 2018, R ranks 18th in the, a measure of popularity of programming languages.
A, for the R software environment is written primarily in, and and is freely available under the. Pre-compiled binary versions are provided for various.
Although R has a, there are several, such as, an. Contents. History R is an implementation of the combined with semantics, inspired. Was created by in 1976, while at. There are some important differences, but much of the code written for S runs unaltered.
R was created by and at the, New Zealand, and currently developed by the R Development Core Team (of which Chambers is a member). R is named partly after the first names of the first two R authors and partly as a play on the name of. The project was conceived in 1992, with an initial version released in 1995 and a stable beta version in 2000. Statistical features R and its libraries implement a wide variety of statistical and techniques, including and modelling, classical statistical tests, classification, clustering, and others. R is easily extensible through functions and extensions, and the R community is noted for its active contributions in terms of packages.
Many of R's standard functions are written in R itself, which makes it easy for users to follow the algorithmic choices made. For computationally intensive tasks, and code can be and called at run time. Advanced users can write C, C, or code to manipulate R objects directly. R is highly extensible through the use of user-submitted packages for specific functions or specific areas of study. Due to its heritage, R has stronger facilities than most statistical computing languages. Extending R is also eased by its rules.
Another strength of R is static graphics, which can produce publication-quality graphs, including mathematical symbols. Dynamic and interactive graphics are available through additional packages. R has Rd, its own -like documentation format, which is used to supply comprehensive documentation, both online in a number of formats and in hard copy. Programming features R is an; users typically access it through a.
If a user types 2+2 at the R command prompt and presses enter, the computer replies with 4, as shown below. 2 + 2 1 4 This calculation is interpreted as the sum of two single-element vectors, resulting in a single-element vector. The prefix 1 indicates that the list of elements following it on the same line starts with the first element of the vector (a feature that is useful when the output extends over multiple lines). Like other similar languages such as and, R supports. R's include, arrays, data frames (similar to in a ). R's extensible object system includes objects for (among others):,.
The scalar data type was never a data structure of R. Instead, a scalar is represented as a vector with length one. R supports with and, for some functions, with. A generic function acts differently depending on the of arguments passed to it. In other words, the generic function the function specific to that of. For example, R has a print function that can print almost every of in R with a simple print(objectname) syntax. Although used mainly by statisticians and other practitioners requiring an environment for statistical computation and software development, R can also operate as a toolbox – with performance benchmarks comparable to.
Arrays are stored in. Packages The capabilities of R are extended through user-created packages, which allow specialised statistical techniques, graphical devices, import/export capabilities, reporting tools (, ), etc. These packages are developed primarily in R, and sometimes in,.
The R packaging system is also used by researchers to create compendia to organise research data, code and report files in a systematic way for sharing and public archiving. A core set of packages is included with the installation of R, with more than 15,000 additional packages (as of September 2018 ) available at the Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN), Omegahat, and other repositories. The 'Task Views' page (subject list) on the CRAN website lists a wide range of tasks (in fields such as Finance, Genetics, High Performance Computing, Machine Learning, Medical Imaging, Social Sciences and Spatial Statistics) to which R has been applied and for which packages are available. R has also been identified by the FDA as suitable for interpreting data from clinical research. Other R package resources include Crantastic, a community site for rating and reviewing all CRAN packages, and R-Forge, a central platform for the collaborative development of R packages, R-related software, and projects. R-Forge also hosts many unpublished beta packages, and development versions of CRAN packages. The Bioconductor project provides R packages for the analysis of genomic data, such as and object-oriented data-handling and analysis tools, and has started to provide tools for analysis of data from next-generation methods.
Milestones A list of changes in R releases is maintained in various 'news' files at CRAN. Some highlights are listed below for several major releases. Release Date Description 0.16 This is the last version developed primarily by Ihaka and Gentleman.
Much of the basic functionality from the 'White Book' (see ) was implemented. The mailing lists commenced on April 1, 1997.
0.49 1997-04-23 This is the oldest release which is currently available on CRAN. CRAN is started on this date, with 3 mirrors that initially hosted 12 packages. Alpha versions of R for Microsoft Windows and the are made available shortly after this version. 0.60 1997-12-05 R becomes an official part of the. The code is hosted and maintained on.
0.65.1 1999-10-07 First versions of update.packages and install.packages functions for downloading and installing packages from CRAN. 1.0 2000-02-29 Considered by its developers stable enough for production use. 1.4 2001-12-19 S4 methods are introduced and the first version for is made available soon after.
2.0 2004-10-04 Introduced, which enables fast loading of data with minimal expense of system memory. 2.1 2005-04-18 Support for encoding, and the beginnings of for different languages. 2.11 2010-04-22 Support for Windows 64 bit systems.
2.13 2011-04-14 Adding a new compiler function that allows speeding up functions by converting them to byte-code. 2.14 2011-10-31 Added mandatory namespaces for packages. Added a new parallel package. 2.15 2012-03-30 New load balancing functions.
Improved serialisation speed for long vectors. 3.0 2013-04-03 Support for numeric index values 2 31 and larger on 64 bit systems. 3.4 2017-04-21 Just-in-time compilation (JIT) of functions and loops to byte-code enabled by default. 3.5 2018-04-23 Packages byte-compiled on installation by default.
Compact internal representation of integer sequences. Added a new serialisation format to support compact internal representations. Interfaces The most commonly used graphical for R is. A similar development interface is.
Interfaces with more of a point-and-click approach include,. Some of the more common editors with varying levels of support for R include, , and Tinn-R.
R functionality is accessible from several scripting languages such as,. Interfaces to other, high-level programming languages, like and are available as well.
Implementations The main R implementation is written in R, C, and Fortran, and there are several other implementations aimed at improving speed or increasing extensibility. A closely related implementation is pqR (pretty quick R) by with improved memory management and support for automatic multithreading. And FastR are implementations of R for use in a Java Virtual Machine. CXXR, rho, and Riposte are implementations of R in. Renjin, Riposte, and pqR attempt to improve performance by using multiple processor cores and some form of deferred evaluation. Most of these alternative implementations are experimental and incomplete, with relatively few users, compared to the main implementation maintained by the R Development Core Team. TIBCO built a called TERR, which is part of Spotfire.
Microsoft R Open is a fully compatible R distribution with modifications for multi-threaded computations. R communities R has vibrant and active local communities worldwide for users to network, share ideas and learn. There are regular R-user meetups and a more focused R-Ladies groups which promotes gender diversity. Conferences The official annual gathering of R users is called 'useR!' The first such event was useR! 2004 in May 2004, Austria. After skipping 2005, the useR!
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Conference has been held annually, usually alternating between locations in Europe and North America. Subsequent conferences have included:. useR! 2006, Vienna, Austria. useR!
2007, Ames, Iowa, USA. useR! 2008, Dortmund, Germany. useR!
2009, Rennes, France. useR! 2010, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA. useR!
2011, Coventry, United Kingdom. useR! 2012, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. useR! 2013, Albacete, Spain. useR! 2014, Los Angeles, California, USA.
useR! 2015, Aalborg, Denmark. useR! 2016, Stanford, California, USA. useR! 2017, Brussels, Belgium. useR!
2018, Brisbane, Australia Future conferences planned are as follows:. useR! 2019, Toulouse, France. useR! 2020, Boston, Massachusetts, USA R Journal is the, journal of the R project for statistical computing. It features short to medium length articles on the use, and development of R, including packages, programming tips, CRAN news, and foundation news. Comparison with SAS, SPSS, and Stata R is comparable to popular commercial statistical packages, such as, and, but R is available to users at no charge under a.
In January 2009, the ran an article charting the growth of R, the reasons for its popularity among data scientists and the threat it poses to commercial statistical packages such as SAS. In June 2017 data scientist Robert Muenchen published a more in-depth comparison between R and other software packages, 'The Popularity of Data Science Software'. Commercial support for R Although R is an open-source project supported by the community developing it, some companies strive to provide commercial support and/or extensions for their customers. This section gives some examples of such companies. In 2007, Richard Schultz, Martin Schultz, Steve Weston and Kirk Mettler founded to provide commercial support for Revolution R, their distribution of R, which also includes components developed by the company. Major additional components include: ParallelR, the R Productivity Environment IDE, RevoScaleR (for analysis), RevoDeployR, web services framework, and the ability for reading and writing data in the SAS file format.
Revolution Analytics also offer a distribution of R designed to comply with established criteria which enables clients in the pharmaceutical sector to validate their installation of REvolution R. In 2015, Microsoft Corporation completed the acquisition of Revolution Analytics.
And has since integrated the R programming language into SQL Server 2016, SQL Server 2017, Power BI, Azure SQL Database, Azure Cortana Intelligence, Microsoft R Server and Visual Studio 2017. In October 2011, announced the Big Data Appliance, which integrates R, and a database with hardware. As of 2012, became one of two components of the 'Oracle Advanced Analytics Option' (alongside ). offers support for in- execution of R, and provides a programming model for massively parallel in-database analytics in R. Other major commercial software systems supporting connections to or integration with R include:,. Tibco offers a runtime-version R as a part of. Mango offers a validation package for R, ValidR, to make it compliant with drug approval agencies, like FDA.
These agencies allow for the use of any statistical software in submissions, if only the software is validated, either by the vendor or sponsor itself. Examples Basic syntax The following examples illustrate the basic and use of the command-line interface. In R, the generally preferred is an arrow made from two characters. x y print (y ) # Print the vector’s contents.
1 1 4 9 16 25 36 mean (y ) # Arithmetic mean of vector. 1 15.16667 var (y ) # Sample variance of vector. 1 178.9667 model print (model ) # Print the model’s results.
Call: lm(formula = y x) Coefficients: (Intercept) x -9.333 7.000 summary (model ) # Display an in-depth summary of the model. Call: lm(formula = y x) Residuals: 1 2 3 4 5 6 3.3333 -0.6667 -2.6667 -2.6667 -0.6667 3.3333 Coefficients: Estimate Std. Error t value Pr( t ) (Intercept) -9.3333 2.8441 -3.282 0.030453. x 7.0000 0.7303 9.585 0.000662.
Signif. Codes: 0 ‘.’ 0.001 ‘.’ 0.01 ‘.’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1 Residual standard error: 3.055 on 4 degrees of freedom Multiple R-squared: 0.9583, Adjusted R-squared: 0.9478 F-statistic: 91.88 on 1 and 4 DF, p-value: 0.000662 par (mfrow = c ( 2, 2 )) # Create a 2 by 2 layout for figures. plot (model ) # Output diagnostic plots of the model. Structure of a function One of R’s strengths is the ease of creating new functions. Objects in the function body remain local to the function, and any data type may be returned.
Here is an example user-created function.
Installing Tinn-R. Go to. Click on 'Download Tinn-R'. Click on 'Download' next to 'Tinn-R setup'. Save it to the desktop or a place that's easy to find. Double-click on the file that was downloaded above. You should see something similar to that below.
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Click on 'I accept the agreement'. Change where you install Tinn-R if you want.
Click Next to continue. The default is sufficient.
The default here is also sufficient. Click Next. You're ready to install!. The install window comes and goes.
So fast that I can't get a capture of it. Proceed to. Hyde Last modified: Fri Jan 19 01:17:52 HST 2018.